Quad-core Technology- Just got smaller with 45nm

The latest and greatest next-generation Intel® quad-core technology providing outstanding performance and breakthrough energy efficiency. Delivering four complete execution cores within a single processor, Intel quad-core technology is the ideal choice when it comes to your high-performance computing needs. Designed from the ground up to provide the ultimate multitasking and multimedia experience, Intel quad-core technology-based PCs, workstations, and servers are the ideal choice for work, home, and play.

Second-generation Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® processor 5400 series with 45nm quad-core technology offers you greater energy efficiency and the multitasking performance necessary to maximize your virtualization efforts with proven reliability.

Quad Core Technologies basically used for servers, so now you can run your high performing infrastructure applications on the ultimate solution for cooling and density challenges-all on the world’s most popular server platform.

There are three series of Quad Core Servers that are coming from Intel which are as follows:

• Quad-Core Intel Xeon processor 5400 series : Offers second generation quad-core using 45nm technology with up to 3.16GHz and large 12MB L2 cache. Boost performance by up to 25 percent in existing platforms using the same technologies, software and socket compatibility. Now with Intel VT Flex Migration, your server virtualisation farm can get the benefits of 5400 series performance with live VM migration to select existing and all future Intel Xeon processors.

• Quad-Core Intel Xeon processor 5300 series : Offers breakthrough performance, helps control operating costs, and alleviates data center cooling requirements. The 5300 series provides up to 1.5x performance boost over previous generation dual-core. Now you can manage multiple servers as a single pool of resources with the most headroom and performance of any Intel two-processor general-purpose server.

• Quad-Core Intel Xeon processor 7300 series : Offers leading scalable performance and best-in-class virtualisation for server consolidation. The 7300 series provides huge leaps over previous generation dual-core: up to 2x scalable performance, 2.5x the virtualisation performance boost and 3x greater performance per watt.

So, this is the latest technology from Intel in the field of Processors which is boosting the speed of the micro processors. This is designed specially for servers, for different big servers where speed really matters. These are available in three different series as described above with different performances and their different uses.

World’s fastest Super Computer: Blue Gene/L

Super Computing, a very frequent word used in the world of Technology, and from Super Computing, the world’s fastest Super Computer Blue Gene/L. Blue Gene is an IBM Research project dedicated to exploring the frontiers in supercomputing: in computer architecture, in the software required to program and control massively parallel systems, and in the use of computation to advance our understanding of important biological processes such as protein folding.

The Blue Gene/L machine was designed and built in collaboration with the Department of Energy’s NNSA/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, and the LLNL system has a peak speed of 596 Teraflops.This machine is 15 times faster than, consume 15 times less power per computation, and 50 to 100 times smaller than other Super Computers and recently broken it’s own speed record, reaching 135.5 Teraflops means 135.5 trillion calculations per second, that is double the speed it clocked up to take it to the number one spot in the top 500 Super Computer league.

In previous year, It has achieved the speed of 70.72 teraflops to beat japan’s NEC Earth Simulator. Now, Blue Gene’s new record was achieved by doubling the number of current racks to 32. Each rack holds 1,024 processors, yet the chips are the same as those found in high-end computers on the High Street.

As IBM decided to undertake this adventurous research project for specially the study of bio molecular phenomena such as protein folding. The project has two main goals: to advance our understanding of the mechanisms behind protein folding via large scale simulation, and to explore novel ideas in massively parallel machine architecture and software. This project should enable bio molecular simulations that rae orders of magnitude larger than current technology permits. We include an overview of proteins and the protein folding problem, including structure prediction and studies of mechanisms.

Major Features of Blue Gene/L :

The Blue Gene/L supercomputer is unique for the following features:

• Trading the speed of processors for lower power consumption.
• Dual processors per node with two working modes: co-processor (1 user process/node: computation and communication work is shared by two processors) and virtual node (2 user processes/node)
• System-on-a-chip design
• A large number of nodes (scalable in increments of 1024 up to at least 65,536)
• Three-dimensional torus interconnect with auxiliary networks for global communications, I/O, and management
• Lightweight OS per node for minimum system overhead (computational noise)

Architecture of Blue Gene/L :

Each Compute or I/O node is a single ASIC with associated DRAM memory chips. The ASIC integrates two 700 MHz PowerPC 440 embedded processors, each with a double-pipeline-double-precision Floating Point Unit (FPU), a cache sub-system with built-in DRAM controller and the logic to support multiple communication sub-systems. The dual FPUs give each Blue Gene/L node a theoretical peak performance of 5.6 GFLOPS (giga FLOPS).

The last known supercomputer in the Blue Gene series, Blue Gene/Q is aimed to reach 10 PFLOPS in the 2010-2012 time frame. It will continue to expand and enhance the Blue Gene/L and /P architectures with higher frequency at similar performance/watt. Blue Gene/Q will have a similar number of nodes but many more cores per node

Variants of Windows Server 2003

Depend on particular size and type of business Windows Server 2003 comes in several variants.But all variants of Windows Server 2003 have the ability to share files and printers, act as an application server, and host message queues, provide email services, authenticate users.

Windows Small Business Server(SBS)

SBS includes Windows Server and additional technologies that helps small business. In SBS,the technologies are embedded such that it provides Remote Web Workplace, and offer management benefits such as integrated setup, enhanced monitoring, a unified management console, and remote access for small business.

The Standard Edition of SBS includes Services for collaboration, Microsoft Exchange server for e-mail, Fax Server, and the Active Directory for user management.It also provides a basic firewall, DHCP server and NAT router .

The Premium Edition of SBS includes the above plus Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server 2004.

SBS server has the following design limitations:

* Only one computer in a domain can be running Windows Server 2003 for Small Business Server.
* Windows Server 2003 for Small Business Server must be the root of the Active Directory forest.
* Windows Server 2003 for Small Business Server cannot trust any other domains.
* Windows Server 2003 for Small Business Server is limited to 75 users or devices depending on which type of CAL.
* Windows Server 2003 for Small Business Server is limited to 4GB of RAM .
* A Windows Server 2003 for Small Business Server domain cannot have any child domains.
* To remove the limits from SBS server upgrade to Server 2003 R2 Transition Pack.

     Web Edition

Windows Server 2003, Web Edition is mainly for building and hosting Web applications, Web pages, and XML Web Services. It is designed to be used primarily as an IIS 6.0 Web server and provides a platform for rapidly developing and deploying XML Web services and applications that use ASP.NET technology, a key part of the .NET Framework.Only 10 concurrent file-sharing connections are allowed at any moment. It is not possible to install Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft Exchange software in this edition. However MSDE and SQL Server 2005 Express are fully supported after service pack 1 is installed.
Windows Server 2003 Web Edition supports a maximum of 2 processors with support for a maximum of 2GB of RAM. Additionally, Windows Server 2003, Web Edition cannot act as a domain controller. Additionally, it is the only version of Windows Server 2003 that does not include client number limitation upon Windows update services as it does not require Client Access Licenses.
   Standard Edition

Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition is for small to medium sized businesses. It supports file and printer sharing, offers secure Internet connectivity, and allows centralized desktop application deployment. This edition of Windows will run on up to 4 processors with up to 4 GB RAM.

Enterprise Edition

Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition is aimed towards medium to large businesses. It is a full-function server operating system that supports up to eight processors and provides enterprise-class features such as eight-node clustering using Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS) software and support for up to 8 GB of memory .

Datacenter Edition

Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition is designed for infrastructures demanding high security and reliability. Windows Server 2003 is available for x86 32-bit, Itanium, and x64 processors. It supports a minimum of 8 processors and a maximum of 64 processors; however it is limited to 32 processors when run on 32-bit architecture.

It supports Non-Uniform Memory Access,better support for Storage Area Networks (SAN) and
also supports 8-node clustering.

Windows Compute Cluster Server

Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 (CCS) is designed for high-end applications that require high performance computing clusters. It is designed to be deployed on numerous computers to be clustered together to achieve supercomputing speeds.
Computer Cluster Server uses the Microsoft Messaging Passing Interface v2 (MS-MPI) to communicate between the processing nodes on the cluster network.

Windows Storage Server

Windows Storage Server 2003, a part of the Windows Server 2003 series is a specialized server Operating System for Network Attached Storage (NAS). It is optimized for use in file and print sharing and also in Storage Area Network (SAN) scenarios. It is only available through Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Windows Storage Server 2003 does not require any Client access licenses.

Windows Storage Server 2003 NAS equipment can be headless, which means that they are without any monitors, keyboards or mice, and are administered remotely. Such devices are plugged into any existing IP network and the storage capacity is available to all users.

Windows Storage Server 2003 R2, as a follow-up to Windows Storage Server 2003, adds file-server performance optimization, Single Instance Storage (SIS), and index-based search.

Storage Server R2 also provides filters for searching many standard file formats, such as .zip, AutoCAD, XML, MP3, and .pdf, and all Microsoft Office file formats.

  Windows Home Server

Windows Home Server is an operating system from Microsoft based on Windows Server 2003 SP2.  Windows Home Server is intended to be a solution for homes with multiple connected PCs to offer file sharing, automated backups, and remote access.

Feature of Window Server 2003

Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. It is advance version of Windows 2000 Server.An updated version, Windows Server 2003 R2 was released to manufacturing on 6 December 2005. Now, Windows Server 2008 was released on February 4, 2008.

Windows Server 2003 is the follow-up to Windows 2000 Server,compatibile with Windows XP.Its default installation has none of the server components enabled, to reduce the attack surface of new machines. Windows Server 2003 includes compatibility modes to allow older applications to run with greater stability. It was made more compatible with Windows NT 4.0 domain-based networking.

Service Pack 1

In 2005, Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003. Some of the update in SP1 same as SP2 for Windows XP. Features that are added with Service Pack 1 include:

* Security Configuration Wizard: A tool that allows administrators to more easily research,
and make changes to, security policies.
* Hot Patching: This feature is set to extend Windows Server 2003’s ability to take DLL,Driver, and non-kernel patches without a reboot.
* IIS 6.0 Metabase Auditing: Allowing the tracking of metabase edits.
* Windows Firewall: Brings many of the improvements from Windows XPService Pack 2 to Windows Server 2003.
* Wireless Provisioning Services,better IPv6 support, and new protections against SYN flood TCP attacks are supported.
* Post-Setup Security Updates: A default mode that is turned on when aService Pack1 server is first booted up after installation.
* Data Execution Prevention (DEP): Support for the No Execute (NX) bit which helps to prevent buffer overflow exploits that are often the attack vector of Windows Server exploits.
* Windows Media Player version 10
* Internet Explorer 6 SV1.

Windows Server 2003 R2

It is an update version of Windows Server 2003. It is in two CDs, with one CD being the Windows Server 2003 SP1 CD. The other CD adds many optionally installable features for Windows Server 2003. The R2 update was released for all x86 and x64 versions, but not for Itanium versions.

New features

1.Branch Office Server Management
o Centralized management tools for file and printers
o Enhanced Distributed File System (DFS) namespace management interface
o More efficient WAN data replication with Remote Differential Compression.
2.Identity and Access Management
o Extranet Single Sign-On and identity federation
o Centralized administration of extranet application access
o Automated disabling of extranet access based on Active Directory account information
o User access logging
o Cross-platform web Single Sign-On and password synchronization using Network
Information Service (NIS)
3.Storage Management
o File Server Resource Manager (storage utilization reporting)
o Enhanced quota management
o File screening limits files types allowed
o Storage Manager for Storage Area Networks (SAN) (storage array configuration)
4.Server Virtualization
o A new licensing policy allows up to 4 virtual instances on Enterprise Edition
and Unlimited on Datacenter Edition
5.Utilities and SDK for UNIX-Based Applications add-on, giving a relatively full Unix
development environment.
o Base Utilities
o SVR-5 Utilities
o Base SDK
o GNU SDK
o GNU Utilities
o Perl 5
o Visual Studio Debugger Add-in

Service Pack 2

Microsoft has described Service Pack 2 for Windows Server 2003 as a “standard” service pack release containing previously-released security updates, hotfixes, and reliability and performance improvements. In addition, Service Pack 2 contains Microsoft Management Console 3.0, Windows Deployment Services , support for WPA2, and improvements to IPSec and MSConfig. Service Pack 2 also adds Windows Server 2003 Scalable Networking Pack (SNP).

Dual-core Technology

The main aim to design a processor to increase the clock speeds of processor whether it is RISC or SISC processor.In the view of these facts,dual-core processors is introduced in 2005.

A Dual- core processor is exactly what it sounds like. It is two processor cores integrated on one physical chip. Dual-core refers to a CPU that includes two complete execution cores per physical processor. It combines two processors and their caches and cache controllers onto a single integrated circuit (silicon chip).

Dual-core processors are developed for multitasking environments because there are two complete execution cores instead of one.Each of the core with an independent interface to the frontside bus. Since each core has its own cache, the operating system has sufficient resources to handle most complex tasks in parallel.

Multi-core is of an expansion to dual-core technology and allows for more than two separate processors.

The benefit of having multiple processors is the system can handle more than one thread. Each processor can handle a separate stream of data. This highly increases the performance of a system that is running concurrent applications such as a server.

Software Dependent

All of the major current operating systems have multithreading capability. But you must have application software that support multithreading.Any speed benefits depends on the operating system that being able to separate applications between the processors.

Clock Speeds

We know that higher the clock cycle,faster the processor.Most of the early dual-core processors are going to be running at lower clock speeds compared to single core processors. The reason behind that a dual-core processor with each running at 1GHz should be equivalent to a single processor running at 2GBz. It doesn’t work in practice when the applications are not written to take advantage of the multiple processors.Until the software is written this way, unthreaded applications will run faster on a single processor than a dual-core CPU.

Advantage of Dual-core Technology

Dual-core processors support two complete execution cores instead of one, each with an independent interface .Since each core has its own cache, the operating system has sufficient resources to handle complex tasks in parallel, which is implementation of multitasking.

Optimization for the dual-core processor requires both the operating system and applications running on the computer to support a this technology .This level of technology is known as thread-level parallelism i.e.multiple threads running simultaneously.

Today ,Windows XP and hundreds of applications already support multithread technology. Now these days,dual-core technology becomes more common in homes and the workplace.

Microprocessor

The microprocessor, (or CPU), is the brain of the computer. We can say that the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits.The first microprocessors used a word size of only 4 bits, so that the transistors of its logic circuits would fit onto a single part. One or more microprocessors typically serve as the processing elements of a computer system.The first Microprocessors made possible in the mid-1970s. Before that, CPUs were typically made from small-scale integrated circuits containing the equivalent of only a few transistors.Now,it has become the most prevalent implementation of the CPU, almost completely replacing all other forms. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably . Microprocessors control almost all the logic of digital devices.

Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:

• Instruction set : The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.

• bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.

• clock speed :The clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute in in megahertz (MHz).

The higher the value of thdese three basic characteristics , the more powerful the CPU,for example:32-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 25MHz.

There are two type microprocessors :

1.RISC (reduced instruction set computer)

2.CISC (complex instruction set computer).

RISC : As per its name,it is designed to perform a smaller number of types of computer instructions so that it can operate at a higher speed(MIPS) . Since each instruction type that a computer must perform requires additional transistors and circuitry, a larger list or set of computer instructions tends to make the microprocessor more complicated and slower in operation.The PowerPC microprocessor, used in IBM’s RISC System/6000 workstation and Macintosh computers, is a RISC microprocessor.

CISC : As per its name,it is designed to perform with a full set of computer instructions that were intended to provide needed capabilities in the most efficient way.Intel’s Pentium microprocessors are CISC microprocessors. RISC takes each of the longer, more complex instructions from a CISC design and reduces it to multiple instructions that are shorter and faster to process.

Bluetooth Technology

Bluetooth is a electrical device that uses wireless technology on 2.5 GHz ISM (license free) frequency band.It can be used in mobile phones, headsets,portable computers to exchange data to each other without wire.Due to its low cost,low size,low power,radio technology,it becomes popular.Almost,every mobile phone provide Bluetooth technology.

Advantage of Bluetooth

1. Operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band without a license for wireless communication.

2. Real-time data transfer possible for short distance.

3. It can transmite data through obstacles like wall.

4. It supports both point-to-point wireless connections between mobile phones

and personalcomputers, as well as point-to-multipoint connections to any other

wireless networks.

5. Bluetooth is a portable devices

6. Compared with other systems operating in the same frequency band,

the Bluetooth radio typically hops faster and uses shorter packets.

7. Bluetooth is actually inexpensive.

8. Bluetooth is standardized wireless, meaning that a high level of compatibility

that means it will connect devices to each other, even if they aren’t the same model.

9. Low energy consumption As a result of Bluetooth using low power signals,

the technology requiresvery little energy and will use less battery or electrical

power as a result.

10.The standard for Bluetooth will allow compatible devices to share data and voice communications.

Bluetooth Application

1. Wireless networking between laptops and desktop computers, or desktops that are in a confined
space and little bandwidth is needed.

2. Peripherals such as mice, keyboards, and printers.

3.Most Cell phones uses Bluetooth technology .They are able to connect to computers, PDAs
and various other devices.

4. The transfer of files, images and MP3, between mobile phones.

5. Certain MP3 players and digital cameras to transfer files to and from computers.

6. Bluetooth technology headsets for smart phones and cell phones.

7. Data logging equipment that transmits data to a computer via Bluetooth technology.

Security

If you want to connect two device through Bluetooth ,’pairing process’ is requiered.Through pairing
two or more Bluetooth devices that recognize each other by the profiles they share.
This is one of the most basic levels of security for Bluetooth devices.

Bluetooth use an encryption algorithm, which is completely and entirely secure. Once the devices pair with each other, they too become entirely secure.

Communication will be successfully if and only if thay are paired.That is why Bluetooth technology is considered to be secure.

Still there is secirity threate because some hackers have developed ways to get around this level of basic security.so, you must have software to prevent hackers from getting in.

Wireless communication : Infrared Technology

Infrared wireless tecnology is the use of wireless technology in devices or systems that allow data transfer through infrared (IR) radiation.In infrared communication , an LED transmits the infrared signal as bursts of non-visible light. At the receiving end a photodiode or photoreceptor detects and captures the light pulses,and retrieve the information they contain.

IR wireless is used for short- and medium-range communications and control.It is used in computer hardware such as in wireless mouse, keyboard,Floppy disk drives,Printers.It is also used in Car locking systems,Emergency response systems, Headphones,Home security systems ,Robot control systems and more.

Infrared technology offers several important advantages as well as disadvantages as a form of wireless communication.

IR Advantages:

1. Low power requirements: ideal for laptops, telephones
2. Low circuitry costs: $2-$5 for the entire coding/decoding circuitry
3. Simple circuitry: no special hardware is required.
4. Higher security: directionality of the beam helps ensure that data isn’t   leaked or spilled to nearby devices as it’s transmitted
5. Portable

IR Disadvantages:

1. Line of sight: transmitters and receivers must be almost directly aligned to
communicate
2. Blocked by common materials: people, walls, plants, etc. can block transmission
3. Short range: transmission become slow on longer distances
4. Light, weather sensitive: direct sunlight, rain, fog, dust, pollution can affect
transmission
5. Speed: transmission rate is lower than typical wired transmission.

Health Risks

There are no confirmed health risks or scientific dangers from infrared or radio frequency but in case of point-to-point lasers which can cause burns or blindness and also continuous microwave exposure which has been linked to cancer and leukemia.

Security

Electromagnetic frequencies currently have less protection and can be freely intercepted by motivated individuals. But,security issue varies by the type of wireless transmission method .Infrared data transmission is more difficult to intercept when compared to radio frequency. Radio frequency can penetrate walls, making it much easier to transmit a message, but also more susceptible to tapping.

Overview of Wireless Technology

Wireless technologies is emerging as a one of the rapidly growthing technology.It provides unintrupted access to the network for all of the campus community. Every one increasingly want un-tethered network access for general-purpose,for example,people wants laptop computers equipped with wireless Ethernet cards.Wireless is being adopted for many new applications: to connect computers, to allow remote monitoring and data acquisition, to provide access control and security etc.

Applications

There are various applications for all the different wireless technologies,but we can divided into the following:

* Voice and messaging,
* Hand-held and other Internet-enabled devices, and
* Data Networking.

Voice and Messaging

Cell phones, pagers, and commercial two-way business radios can access voice and messaging services. These devices may be based on analog or digital standards.The analog standard is AMPS. Digital standards are GSM,TDMA, or CDMA.

Generaly, devices operate within networks that provide metropolitan, statewide, or nationwide coverage and operate in different frequency bands which are allocated by the FCC. Presently in the U.S., these networks operate throughput rates up to 16 kilobits per second (Kbps).

Hand-held and Internet-enabled devices

Cell phones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) enabled with Internet,have emerged as the latest products that can connect to the Internet across a digital wireless network. Protocols, such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), and WML (Wireless Markup Language) have been developed for these devices to connect to the Internet.

Data Networking

Data is transfered in various way such as,through wireless local area networks (WLANs),Bluetooth.

Wireless Local Area Networks

WLANs are implemented within a building and can provide the final few meters of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user.It is based on the IEEE 802.11 standard.It has three physical layer,two radio frequency specification and one infrared.Most WLANs operate in the 2.4 GHz license-free frequency band and have throughput rates up to 2 Mbps.The new 802.11astandardprovides throughput rates up to 54 Mbps.

WLAN configurations provides peer-to-peer connections between a set of PCs . It also provides point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless solutions. A point-to-point solution is used to bridge between two local area networks, and it is an alternative to cable between two geographically distant locations (up to 30 miles). Point-to-multi-point solutions connect several, separate locations to one single location or building.

Broadband Wireless

Broadband wireless (BW) is an emerging wireless technology that allows simultaneous wireless delivery of voice, data, and video. BW is considered a competing technology with Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). BW comes in two ways: Local multi-point distribution service (LMDS) and Multi-channel multi-point distribution service (MMDS).

LMDS operates at high bandwidth of 28-31 GHz range of the frequency spectrum and has sufficient bandwidth to broadcast all the channels.

MMDS operates at lower frequencies, in the 2 GHz licensed frequency bands. MMDS has wider coverage than LMDS , but has lower throughput rates.

security

It is important to understand that in WLANs, data is encrypted only between the wireless adapter and the access point. Data travels through a wired LAN unencrypted. Therefore, data transmitted by wireless is not more secure than data transmitted through the wire, but probably not less secure.

Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is the Pan European standard for mobile communications defined by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) and published in 1990.

GSM is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access(TDMA).It is most widely used in three digital wireless telephony technologies(TDMA,GSM and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data and sends it to a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It works on either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.

GSM, along with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

Services provided by GSM

Using the ITU-T definitions, telecommunication services can be divided into bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services. The most basic teleservice supported by GSM is telephony in which speech is digitally encoded and transmitted through the GSM network as a digital stream.

By Using GSM technologies telephony, emergency services, facsimile, SMS and data services can be provided through wireless communications. It can also send messages such as traffic updates or news updates. Messages can also be stored in the SIM card for later retrieval.

It also provide bearer and teleservices service such as call forward when the mobile subscriber is unreachable by the network, and call barring of outgoing or incoming calls, for example when roaming in another country and other services , such as caller identification, call waiting, multi-party conversations.

GSM users can send and receive data, at rates up to 9600 bps, to users on POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet Switched Public Data Networks, and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks using a various of access methods and protocols, such as X.32. As GSM is a digital network, a modem is not required between the user and GSM network.But an audio modem is required inside the GSM network to interwork with POTS.

GSM security

It provide moderate level of security. The system was developed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The user with a longer authentication key to give greater security.

GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security such as A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers ,that are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy.A large security advantage of GSM over earlier systems is that the cryptographic key stored on the SIM card is never sent over the wireless interface. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms.

According to GSM World, there are now more than 2 billion GSM mobile phone users in the world. GSM World references China as “the largest single GSM market, with more than 370 million users, followed by Russia with 145 million, India with 83 million and the USA with 78 million users.”

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